Electric power system

ABSTRACT

To provide an electric power system capable of adequately controlling the power flow in an AC switch ( 120 ) constituting an interruptible power supply, an electric power system according to the present invention includes: an uninterruptible power supply ( 100 ) including an AC switch ( 120 ) provided between a commercial power supply ( 200 ) and an output part ( 102 ), a secondary battery ( 130 ), and an inverter ( 135 ) provided between the AC switch ( 120 ) and secondary battery ( 130 ); an important load ( 150 ) connected to the output part ( 102 ); a photovoltaic power supply ( 140 ) connected to the output part ( 102 ); an electric power detection section ( 181 ) that detects the power consumption of all loads including the important load ( 150 ); an electric power detection section ( 131 ) that detects charge/discharge power of the secondary battery ( 130 ); an electric power detection section ( 141 ) that detects the output power of the photovoltaic power supply ( 140 ); an electric power detection section ( 151 ) that detects the power consumption of the important load ( 150 ); and a controller ( 110 ) that inputs thereto detection values from the electric power detection section ( 181 ), electric power detection section ( 131 ), output power detection means, and electric power detection section ( 151 ) and outputs a control command value for controlling the secondary battery ( 130 ), in which the controller ( 110 ) determines the control command value for operating the secondary battery ( 130 ) based on the detection values from the electric power detection section ( 181 ), electric power detection section ( 131 ), electric power detection section ( 141 ), and electric power detection section ( 151 ).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a microgrid-based electric power systemincluding a small-sized distributed power supply.

BACKGROUND ART

In a conventional electric power system, energy supply has beenconducted from a power plant such as an atomic power plant, a thermalpower plant, a hydraulic power plant, etc, by means of a large-scalepower grid. Meanwhile, in recent years, a concept called “microgrid” inwhich a small-sized distributed power supply (photovoltaic, windturbine, biomass, etc.) is connected to constitute a power network forenergy supply to a predetermined area has been proposed and is nowbecoming widespread. Such a microgrid-based energy supply systemrealized by the small-sized distributed power supply is required toperform connected operation that controls power generation based onsystem connection such that purchasing electric power from a commercialsystem becomes constant at normal operation time, while in the event ofemergency such as power failure, to perform load following operationwhich is islanded operation that supplies high quality (fluctuation involtage and frequency are small) power to a microgrid system.

In constructing the microgrid, how the amount of power supply, whichvaries momentarily, is balanced is the most important issue. As factorscausing the power supply amount to vary, a variation in a load, avariation in the power generation of a small-sized distributed powersupply such as wind turbine power generation or photovoltaic powergeneration (hereinafter, variations in the wind turbine power generationand photovoltaic power generation are collectively referred to as“electric power variation”), and the like can be exemplified.

The electric power variation has various frequency components from quiteabrupt variation to comparatively gentle variation depending on the loador power generation state of the small-sized distributed power supply.By combining distributed power supplies having various load followingcharacteristics, it is possible to suppress the variation of all thefrequency components of the electric power variation. Specifically,storage facility such as a secondary battery or an electric storagefacility is used to cope with a variation (quite abrupt variation) inhigh-frequency components and a power generation facility such as a gasengine is used to cope with a variation (comparatively gentle variation)in low-frequency components, whereby the electric power variation can besuppressed.

Further, there is known a system that realizes the load followingoperation by managing power demand of a building by linkage of powerreceiving/transforming facility of a commercial system and a distributedpower supply (refer to, e.g., Patent Document 1) and a method thatutilizes a storage facility when an original operation plan has beensignificantly modified, to realize stable system operation (refer to,e.g., Patent Document 2).

-   Patent Document 1: JP-A-2005-160286-   Patent Document 2: JP-A-2007-215290

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

With reference to FIG. 7, a configuration example of a conventionalmicrogrid will be described. FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a systemconfiguration in which, at power failure time, power supply is performedby combining an emergency power generator 190 and photovoltaic powergeneration using a photovoltaic power supply 140. A part surrounded by achain line in FIG. 7 corresponds to a configuration of anuninterruptible power supply 100.

In an electric power system as illustrated in FIG. 7, during connectedoperation with a commercial system, a first circuit breaker 191 and anACSW (AC semiconductor switch) are in a closed state, while a secondcircuit breaker 192 is in an open state and, in this state, output of asecondary battery 130 is controlled in accordance with a variation inphotovoltaic power generation or electric power load to thereby performpeak-cut operation.

Meanwhile, at power failure time, the first circuit breaker 191 isopened, and the ACSW is opened in accordance with a state signal of thefirst circuit breaker 191. At the same time, the emergency powergenerator 190 is started up. After start-up of the emergency powergenerator 190, the second circuit breaker 192 is closed to performislanded operation while utilizing photovoltaic power generation output.

Assuming that in the electric power system illustrated in FIG. 7, themaximum charge/discharge power of the secondary battery 130 is −90 kW to90 kW, the maximum generating power of the photovoltaic power supply 140is 90 kW, and the maximum power consumption of an important load 150 is50 kW, the forward maximum power flow and backward maximum power flow inthe ACSW 120 of FIG. 7 are as follows. The definitions of the forwarddirection (+) and backward direction (−) are as indicated in FIG. 7.

The backward maximum power flow (at fine weather) is calculated as“maximum discharge power (−90 kW) of secondary battery 130+maximumoutput (−90 kW) of photovoltaic power supply 140−minimum value (0 kW) ofimportant load 150=−180 (kW)”.

The forward maximum power flow (at cloudy/rainy weather) is calculatedas “maximum discharge power (90 kW) of secondary battery 130+maximumoutput (0 kW) of photovoltaic power supply 140−minimum value (50 kW) ofimportant load 150=140 (kW)”.

For example, the power flow in the ACSW 120 can be in a range of −180 kWto 140 kW depending on the output of the secondary battery 130 orphotovoltaic power supply 140 or magnitude of the important load 150, sothat assuming that the withstand capacity of the ACSW 120 is in a rangeof −90 kW to 90 kW, the power flow in the ACSW 120 become excessive,causing the ACSW 120 to be damaged.

In order to cope with this problem, it can be considered that the ACSW120 in the uninterruptible power supply 100 is replaced with one withhigher withstand capacity. However, the ACSW 120 with high withstandcapacity is expensive and replacement of the ACSW 120 with one withhigher withstand capacity increases cost for constructing the electricpower system.

Means for Solving the Problems

The present invention has been made to solve the above problem, and theinvention according to claim 1 is an electric power system including: anuninterruptible power supply including an AC switch provided between acommercial power supply and an output part, a secondary battery, and aninverter provided between the AC switch and secondary battery; animportant load connected to the output part; a distributed power supplyconnected to the output part; a total load power consumption detectionmeans for detecting the power consumption of all loads including theimportant load; a charge/discharge power detection means for detectingcharge/discharge power of the secondary battery; an output powerdetection means for detecting the output power of the distributed powersupply; an important load power consumption detection means fordetecting the power consumption of the important load; and a controllerthat inputs thereto detection values from the total load powerconsumption detection means, charge/discharge power detection means,output power detection means, and important load power consumptiondetection means and outputs a control command value for controlling thesecondary battery. The controller determines the control command valuefor operating the secondary battery based on the detection values fromthe total load power consumption detection means, charge/discharge powerdetection means, output power detection means, and important load powerconsumption detection means.

Advantages of the Invention

According to the electric power system of the present invention,performing output control of the secondary battery allows the power flowin the AC switch (ACSW) constituting the uninterruptible power supply tobe controlled adequately, preventing the AC switch from being damaged.This eliminates the need to increase the withstand capacity of the ACswitch to be used to thereby suppress cost increase. Further, in thecase where the output of the distributed power supply such as thephotovoltaic power supply is large while the power consumption of theimportant load is small, the secondary battery is charged. This allows areduction in the installed capacity of the secondary battery.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a view illustrating the outline of an electric power systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a control block diagram of the electric power system accordingto the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a view illustrating an example of the power flow at fineweather based on the control according to a conventional technique.

FIG. 4 is a view illustrating an example of the power flow atcloudy/rainy weather based on the control according to a conventionaltechnique.

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating an example of the power flow at fineweather based on the control according to the electric power system ofthe present invention.

FIG. 6 is a view illustrating an example of the power flow atcloudy/rainy weather based on the control according to the electricpower system of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a configuration example of a conventionalmicrogrid.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention will be described below withreference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a view illustratingthe outline of an electric power system according to the embodiment ofthe present invention. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 100 denotes anuninterruptible power supply, 101 denotes an input section, 111 denotesan electric power detection section, 102 denotes an output part, 110denotes a controller, 120 denotes an AC switch (ACSW), 130 denotes asecondary battery, 131 denotes an electric power detection section, 135denotes an inverter, 140 denotes a photovoltaic power supply, 145denotes a power conditioner, 150 denotes an important load, 160 denotesa security load, 170 denotes a disaster preventive load, 180 denotes ageneral load, 181 denotes an electric power detection section, 190denotes an emergency power generator, 191 denotes a first circuitbreaker, 192 denotes a second circuit breaker, and 200 denotes acommercial power supply. Note that FIG. 1 illustrates only a wireconnection and a control system for a single phase, i.e., one phase.Further, in the electric power system according to the presentembodiment, a range (A) including the most important load (150) andbeing made islanded even immediately after power failure and a range (B)being made islanded during operation of the emergency power generator190 at power failure time are defined.

For example, it is assumed that in the present embodiment, the maximumcharge/discharge power of the secondary battery 130 is −90 kW to 90 kW,the maximum generating power of the photovoltaic power supply 140 is 90kW, the maximum power consumption of an important load 150 is 50 kW, andthe withstand capacity of the ACSW 120 is in a range of −90 kW to 90 kW.The definitions of the forward direction (+) and backward direction (−)in the ACSW 120 are as indicated in FIG. 1.

In FIG. 1, the general load 180 is connected to a feed line extendingfrom the commercial power supply 200 of a commercial system, and whenthe feed line falls into an abnormal state such as power failure or thelike, power supply thereto is cut off. The security load 160 serving asa load for security and disaster preventive load 170 serving as a loadfor disaster prevention are loads of high importance and are connectedto the feed line via the first circuit breaker 191. To the connectionline of the security load 160 and disaster preventive load 170, theemergency power generator 190 and important load 150 are connected viathe second circuit breaker 192 and AC switch (ACSW) 120, respectively.When the feed line loses power, power is supplied from the emergencypower generator 190 to the respective loads. The important load 150,which is, e.g., a server, is a load having higher importance than thesecurity load 160 and disaster preventive load 170. To the connectionline of the important load 150, the secondary battery 130 andphotovoltaic power supply 140 are connected via the inverter (INV) 135and power conditioner (PCS) 145, respectively so as to enable islandedoperation even if the feed line loses power and emergency powergenerator 190 is stopped.

The emergency power generator 190 is activated using heavy oil or otherfuel as a power source when the feed line of the commercial power supply200 falls into an abnormal state (power failure). During the abnormalstate, the emergency power generator 190 continues operating so as tosupply power to the security load 160, disaster preventive load 170, andimportant load 150 in place of the commercial power supply 200. However,the abnormal state of the feed line of the commercial power supply 200continues for a long time and accordingly the emergency power generator190 continues operating for a long time, fuel is exhausted (fuelshortage) with the result that the operation of the emergency powergenerator 190 is stopped. Even after the exhaustion of the fuel of theemergency power generator 190, power supply to the important load 150continues as long as power generation using the photovoltaic powersupply 140 is maintained and secondary battery 130 is charged.

The secondary battery 130 is a repeatedly chargeable/dischargeablecapacitor or secondary battery. The secondary battery 130 is connectedto the connection line of the important load 150 via the inverter 135 soas to be changed by the commercial power supply 200, photovoltaic powersupply 140, and emergency power generator 190 according to need and todischarge power to the general load 180, security load 160, disasterpreventive load 170, and important load 150. The secondary battery 130incorporates a control circuit (charge/discharge control circuit) forcontrolling charge/discharge of the secondary battery. To the controlcircuit, a control command value from the controller to be describedlater is input, and charge/discharge of the secondary batteryconstituting the secondary battery 130 is controlled in accordance withthe input control command value.

The inverter 135 is an electric power converter that can convertbidirectionally between AC and DC power. The inverter 135 converts ACpower into DC power in an operation mode in which the secondary battery130 is charged from the commercial power supply 200, photovoltaic powersupply 140, or emergency power generator 190 and converts DC power intoAC power in an operation mode in which power is discharged from thesecondary battery 130 to the important load 150.

The photovoltaic power supply 140 is connected to the connection line ofthe important load 150 via the power conditioner 145 so as to supplypower output to the general load 180, security load 160, disasterpreventive load 170, and important load 150 in an independent manner.The power conditioner 145 converts the DC output of the photovoltaicpower supply 140 that is not adapted to a predetermined frequency orvoltage of the connection line of the important load 150 intopredetermined AC power for adaptation of the frequency or voltage tothat of the electric power supplied along the feed line. The powerconditioner 145 includes, at its output part, a current control typeinverter so as to supply the maximum possible power.

The first circuit breaker 191 is closed at general connected operationtime where the feed line of the commercial power supply 200 to which thegeneral load 180 is connected is in a feeding state and is opened(turned off) when the feed line of the commercial power supply 200 losespower. The second circuit breaker 192 is opened when the first circuitbreaker 191 is closed to put the feed line of the commercial powersupply 200 into a feeding state and is closed when the feed line of thecommercial power supply 200 loses power. When this second circuitbreaker 192 is closed, the emergency power generator 190 is activated,and the generated output of the emergency power generator 190 is fed tothe security load 160, disaster preventive load 170 and important load150. When the emergency power generator 190 is stopped, the secondcircuit breaker 192 is opened.

The electric power detection section 181 detects power failure occurringin the feed line of the commercial power supply 200 and controlsclose/open of the first and second circuit breakers 191 and 192 andactivation/stop of the emergency power generator 190. When the feed lineof the commercial power supply 200 loses power, a power failuredetection controller 11 opens the first circuit breaker 191, closes thesecond circuit breaker 192, and activates the emergency power generator190. When the power failure of the feed line of the commercial powersupply 200 is recovered, the power failure detection controller 11closes the first circuit breaker 191, opens the second circuit breaker192, and stops the emergency power generator 190.

An electric power system in the islanded range immediately after powerfailure includes the AC switch (ACSW) 120, inverter 135, secondarybattery 130, and important load 150. The AC switch (ACSW) 120 providedbetween the commercial power supply AC6 (200?) and inverter 135corresponds to a signal phase and includes two thyristors Thl and Th2(not illustrated) connected in inverse parallel.

When the commercial power supply 200 is in a normal condition (includingrecovery state) and power needs to be supplied to the range (A), powerflows in the forward direction in the AC switch (ACSW) 120, and AC poweris supplied from the commercial power supply 200 to the secondarybattery 130 or important load 150 via the AC switch (ACSW) 120.

Meanwhile, when the commercial power supply 200 falls into a powerfailure state, the AC switch (ACSW) 120 is put into a cut-off state tostop supply of AC power from the commercial power supply 200. When anabnormality occurs in the commercial power supply 200, the AC switch(ACSW) 120 is put into a cut-off state as in the case where it fallsinto a power failure state to stop supply of AC power from thecommercial power supply 200.

Further, in the case where surplus power is generated in the range (A)by the discharge of the secondary battery 130, output of thephotovoltaic power supply 140, and the like, power flows in the backwarddirection in the AC switch (ACSW) 120, whereby power can be suppliedfrom the secondary battery 130 or photovoltaic power supply 140 to thesecurity load 160, disaster preventive load 170, or general load 180.

The uninterruptible power supply 100 includes at least the AC switch(ACSW) 120 provided between the commercial power supply 200 and anoutput part 102, secondary battery 130, and inverter 135 providedbetween the AC switch (ACSW) 120 and secondary battery 130. Further, theuninterruptible power supply 100 includes the controller 110, which maybe subjected to control by a higher-level controller.

The controller 110 is a main controller for performing various controltasks for the electric power system according to the present invention.The control tasks of the controller 110 may be realized by using ageneral-purpose information processor provided with a CPU, a RAM, a ROM,and the like and by previously storing in the ROM a program allowing theCPU to execute operation of outputting a command to a predeterminedblock based on an input predetermined information.

The electric power detection section 131 is provided between theinverter (INV) 135 and secondary battery 130, and charge/discharge ofthe secondary battery 130 can be detected by the electric powerdetection section 131. A value detected by the electric power detectionsection 131 is transmitted to the controller 110.

The electric power detection section 111 is provided between the powerconditioner (PCS) 145 and AC switch (ACSW) 120, and the sum of theelectric energy of the photovoltaic power supply 140 and important load150 can be detected by the electric power detection section 111. A valuedetected by the electric power detection section 111 is transmitted tothe controller 110.

The electric power detection section 181 is provided in the middle ofthe feed line extending from the commercial power supply 200 andfunctions as a total load power consumption detection means fordetecting the power consumption of all the loads including the importantload 150 (however, power supplies from the secondary battery 130,photovoltaic power supply 140, and emergency power generator 190 areexcluded). A value detected by the electric power detection section 181is transmitted to the controller 110.

In the electric power system according to the present invention, thecontroller 110 outputs a control signal at least to the AC switch (ACSW)120, inverter 135 in the secondary battery 130, power conditioner 145,secondary battery 130 (charge/discharge circuit) so as to control theabovementioned components.

Next, the control tasks performed in the electric power system accordingto the present invention configured as described above will bedescribed. FIG. 2 is a control block diagram of the electric powersystem according to the embodiment of the present invention. Theprocessing based on the control block diagram is executed in thecontroller 110.

In the control performed in the controller 110, a detection valueW_(Load) acquired from the detection section 181 and a detection valueW_(BAT) acquired from the detection section 131 are input to thecontroller 110 and added to each other. Then, the resultant value ismade to pass through a band-pass filter. The band-pass filter is afilter for removing a negligible variation in the electric power withina predetermined time period.

The signal passed through the band-pass filter is then input to alimiter. In this limiter, the input value is limited by the upper limitvalue (W_(ACSWmax)) and lower limit value (W_(ACSWmin)) of the powerflow in the AC switch (ACSW) 120. A signal W_(ACSWref) passed throughthe limiter is used as a command value for the AC switch (ACSW) 120.Further, an important load power consumption W_(Impotant Load) which isa detection value of the electric power detection section 151 and aphotovoltaic power supply output voltage W_(PV) which is a detectionvalue of the electric power detection section 141 are added to andsubtracted from the W_(ACSWref), respectively, and the resultant valueis output to the secondary battery 130 (charge/discharge circuit) as acontrol signal W_(BATref) for the secondary battery 130.

That is, an output command value for the secondary battery 130 can becalculated using the following equation:

(W _(BATref))=(command value W _(ACSWref))−(output of photovoltaic powersupply 140)+(power consumption of important load 150).

The (output of photovoltaic power supply 140) is a value acquired as thedetection value from the electric power detection section 141, and(power consumption of important load 150) is a value acquired as thedetection value from the electric power detection section 151.

According to the electric power system of the present invention,performing output control of the secondary battery 130 allows the powerflow in the AC switch (ACSW) 120 constituting the uninterruptible powersupply 100 to be controlled adequately, preventing the AC switch (ACSW)120 from being damaged. This eliminates the need to increase thewithstand capacity of the AC switch to be used to thereby suppress thecost. Further, in the case where the output of the distributed powersupply such as the photovoltaic power supply is large while the powerconsumption of the important load is small, the secondary battery ischarged. This allows a reduction in the installed capacity of thesecondary battery.

A control example based on the electric power system according to thepresent invention will be described. FIG. 3 is a view illustrating anexample of the power flow at fine weather based on the control accordingto a conventional approach, FIG. 4 is a view illustrating an example ofthe power flow at cloudy/rainy weather based on the control according toa conventional technique, FIG. 5 is a view illustrating an example ofthe power flow at fine weather based on the control according to theelectric power system of the present invention, and FIG. 6 is a viewillustrating an example of the power flow at cloudy/rainy weather basedon the control according to the electric power system of the presentinvention.

Throughout the drawings, a thin chain line represents the powerconsumption of all the loads, a thin solid line represents the powerflow in the AC switch (ACSW) 120, a thin dotted line represents electricpower charged/discharged by the secondary battery 130, a thin two-dotchain line represents the output of the photovoltaic power supply 140,and a thick chain line represents the power consumption of the importantload 150.

It can be seen from a comparison between FIGS. 3 and 5 and a comparisonbetween FIGS. 4 and 6 that the secondary battery 130 is adequatelycontrolled by the output of the photovoltaic power supply 140 and loadelectric power of the important load 150 in the electric power systemaccording to the present invention to make the power flow in the ACswitch (ACSW) 120 always fall within a range of −90 kW to 90 kWcorresponding to its withstand capacity.

Next, another embodiment of the present invention will be described.While the photovoltaic power supply 140 is used as the distributed powersupply for constituting the microgrid in the above embodiment, a windturbine power generation, a secondary battery, a rotary electric powergenerator, a fuel battery, a waste power generation, cogeneration, andthe like are used as the distributed power supply in this anotherembodiment. The abovementioned distributed power supplies may be usedindependently or in combination.

As in the case of the abovementioned embodiment, in the presentembodiment using the distributed power supply other than thephotovoltaic power supply 140, the control signal W_(BATref) for thesecondary battery 130 (charge/discharge circuit) is calculated based onthe upper limit value and lower limit value in the limiter of FIG. 2calculated using the following equations:

Upper limit value; W _(BATmax)=(upper limit value of AC switch120)−(output of distributed power supply)+(power consumption ofimportant load 150)

Lower limit value; W _(BATmin)=(lower limit value of AC switch120)−(output of distributed power supply)+(power consumption ofimportant load 150).

Also according to the electric power system of this another embodiment,performing output control of the secondary battery 130 allows the powerflow in the AC switch (ACSW) 120 constituting the uninterruptible powersupply 100 to be controlled adequately, preventing the AC switch (ACSW)120 from being damaged. This eliminates the need to increase thewithstand capacity of the AC switch to be used to thereby suppress costincrease. Further, in the case where the output of the distributed powersupply such as the photovoltaic power supply is large while the powerconsumption of the important load is small, the secondary battery ischarged. This allows a reduction in the installed capacity of thesecondary battery.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the electric power system of the present invention, it ispossible to adequately control the power flow in the AC switch (120)constituting the uninterruptible power supply, making it possible toconstruct an electric power system at low cost without using anexpensive AC switch (120) having a high withstand capacity, whichprovides a better industrial applicability.

1. An electric power system comprising: an uninterruptible power supplyincluding an AC switch provided between a commercial power supply and anoutput part, a secondary battery, and an inverter provided between theAC switch and secondary battery; an important load connected to theoutput part; a distributed power supply connected to the output part;total load power consumption detection means for detecting the powerconsumption of all loads including the important load; charge/dischargepower detection means for detecting charge/discharge power of thesecondary battery; output power detection means for detecting the outputpower of the distributed power supply; important load power consumptiondetection means for detecting the power consumption of the importantload; and a controller that inputs thereto detection values from thetotal load power consumption detection means, charge/discharge powerdetection means, output power detection means, and important load powerconsumption detection means and outputs a control command value forcontrolling the secondary battery, characterized in that the controllerdetermines the control command value for operating the secondary batterybased on the detection values from the total load power consumptiondetection means, charge/discharge power detection means, output powerdetection means, and important load power consumption detection means.